[certain] [central cylinder] von Mohl's classification [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] shape of fibrous part in transverse section [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] wide metaxylem element [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] number of wide metaxylem element per fibrous vascular bundle [certain] [central cylinder] phytoliths [certain] [central cylinder] phytoliths distribution in central cylinder [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] fibrous dorsal cap centrifugal differentiation [certain] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] ground parenchyma sustained growth [certain] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] ground parenchyma of the central cylinder [certain] [cortex] cortex [certain] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] superficial protective layer (sub-epidermal) [certain] [cortex] multicellular epidermal hair [certain] [cortex] epidermal cells [certain] [central cylinder] [ground parenchyma] tangential elongation and anticlinal divisions of subcortical parenchyma cells [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] radial elongation of the fibrous dorsal cap (in subcortical zone) [certain] [central cylinder] fibrous bundles in central cylinder [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] fibrous ventral cap [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] number of phloem strand [certain] [central cylinder] little fibrous vascular bundles (bridges) [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] radiating parenchyma [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] tabular parenchyma [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] end wall slope [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] specialisation value [certain] [central cylinder] [fibrous vascular bundle] metaphloem sieve plate
Borasseae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 1 ; mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Borasseae - Hyphaeninae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Borasseae - Lataniinae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Borasseae - Lataniinae - Lodoicea Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Caryoteae Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) ; combined largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb very thin permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma present cone shaped present ; absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Cryosophileae Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 1 ; mostly 2 (3-4) ; more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Cryosophileae - Chelyocarpus Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Cryosophileae - Coccothrinax Cocos-Type Vaginata present more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Cryosophileae - Cryosophila Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent ?oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Cryosophileae - Thrinax or Hemithrinax Cocos-Type Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) ; mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Phoeniceae Cocos-Type Lunaria ; Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound
Corypheae Corypha-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ??absent ?absent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Sabaleae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present ; absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Chuniophoeniceae - Nannorrhops Cocos-Type Lunaria ; Vaginata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Chuniophoeniceae - Chuniophoenix Geonoma-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Trachycarpeae - unplaced genera Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Trachycarpeae - Copernicia Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Trachycarpeae - Pritchardia Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ?suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Trachycarpeae - Washingtonia Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Trachycarpeae - Livistoninae Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound
Trachycarpeae - Livistoninae - Livistona Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present present slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound
Trachycarpeae - Livistoninae - Licuala Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma absent elongated (tangentially elongate) absent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) present ; absent present ; absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Chamaerops Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata ; Lunaria present mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed permanent epidermis ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma absent elongated (tangentially elongate) absent absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Trachycarpus Cocos-Type ; Corypha-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 3-4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder present (well developed) ; absent (poorly developed) present absent slightly oblique ; transverse 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates compound
Trachycarpeae - Rhapidinae - Rhapis Geonoma-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin permanent epidermis absent erect (radially elongate) ; spheroid to cubical absent absent present present (often only in the central part) one strand in the subcortical and transitional zones and two in the central zone of the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound
Ceroxyloideae Mauritia-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) absent erect (radially elongate) present ; absent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent extremely oblique ; very oblique ; oblique ; slightly oblique 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars compound
Ceroxyloideae - Phytelephas Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present ; absent (only long angular imperforate scalariform tracheids) more than 4 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent present non décrit[0] tracheids only — definite vessels not observed compound
Arecoideae Cocos-Type ; Mauritia-Type ; Geonoma-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate ; trapeziform to rondel (ex hat shaped) all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder ; largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present ; absent absent (Type A) ; present (Type B) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems ; cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; rod-like cells (length > 200 µm; length / width > (3)–5) and more or less regular and large meshwork (lacunae > 250 µm) ; huge cells (∅ > 150 µm) [potential few and irregular lacunae] ; appendicular parenchyma connecting fvb developed ; very thin permanent epidermis ; developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ??present ; absent strongly developed ; absent present ; absent present (often only in the central part) ; absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ?absent present ; absent very oblique ; oblique ; slightly oblique [1] multiple perforation plates with "pithlike" perforations that span ≤ 1 vessel-parenchyma pit on the adjacent lateral wall ; 1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits">[2] multiple perforation plates with "narrow" perforations that span >1 to ≤ 2 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only compound ; simple or transitional
Nypoideae Cocos-Type Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 2 (3-4) globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems developed developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicableabsent absent present absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique 2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits">[3] multiple perforation plates with "medium size" perforations that span >2 to ≤ 5 vessel-parenchyma pits ; 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars simple or transitional
Calamoideae (scandent) Calamus-Type non applicablepresent mostly 1 globular echinate to granulate all around the dorsal fibrous cap throughout the central cylinder absent absent (Type A) spheroid to slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4) cells (∅ < 150 µm) and compact [sometimes few and little lacunae in old stems very thin permanent epidermis absent erect (radially elongate) absent absent absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder ; two strands throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent slightly oblique ; transverse [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional
Calamoideae (erect) Mauritia-Type Sagittata ; Reniforma to Cordata - Complanata present mostly 1 ; 1 in the the subcortical zone and the zone of transition AND 2 in the central zone globular echinate to granulate largely restricted to the fvb of the subcortical zone in contact with the cortex present present (Type B) cells slightly elongated (length / width < 3–4), lobed with a random (rhombohedral) shape (maximal length < 200 µm) and irregular meshwork (lacunae < 200 µm) ; trabecular (= stellate) with a regular meshwork (spheroid lacunae > 250 µm) very thin developed etagen meristem (alignment of more than 10 cells) ; suberization and sclerosis of the existing ground parenchyma non applicablenon applicablepresent ; absent strongly developed ; absent present ; absent absent one strand throughout the central cylinder absent (poorly developed) absent absent oblique ; slightly oblique 5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars">[4] multiple perforation plates with "wide" perforations that span >5 vessel-parenchyma pits, or with ≤ 3 bars ; [5] mixture of multiples perforation plates (as in #4) and simple perforation plates ; [6] simple perforation plate only simple or transitional